{"id":104,"date":"2019-04-24T12:39:33","date_gmt":"2019-04-24T12:39:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/?page_id=104"},"modified":"2020-09-04T02:57:46","modified_gmt":"2020-09-04T02:57:46","slug":"absorptionrateconstant","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/parameters\/absorptionrateconstant\/","title":{"rendered":"Absorption Rate Constant"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> &#8220;Fractional rate of drug absorption from the site of administration into the systemic circulation&#8221; <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Description<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The oral <a href=\"\/pharmacology\/absorption\">absorption<\/a>\n of drugs is often approximated assuming linear kinetics, typically when\n given in solution. The same is true for the absorption of drugs from \nmany other <a href=\"\/pharmacology\/extravascular-administration\">extravascular<\/a>\n sites, including subcutaneous tissue and muscle. Under these \ncircumstances, absorption is characterized by an absorption rate \nconstant and a corresponding absorption half-life. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, the absorption of many drugs do not exactly\n follow linear kinetics. In some cases the drug may be absorbed at a \nconstant rate so that the same amount of drug is absorbed during each \ntime interval, mimicking constant rate intravenous infusion. Different \nfactors may be responsible for nonlinear absorption such as \ncontrolled-release formulations or saturable transport mechanisms of the\n drug from the intestinal lumen to the portal circulation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><p class=\"hiddenTitle\">Chart Pharmacokinetics<\/p>\n<div>\n\n    <div id=\"chartContainer\">\n        <canvas id=\"chart\"><\/canvas>\n        <div class=\"\" id=\"divSliderContainer\"><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <script>\n\n        let chart;\n        let baseDataChartValues = [];\n        let dataChart = [];\n        let dataChartStoredValues = [];\n        let labelsChart = [];\n\n        let dose = 1000;\n        let baseDose = 1000;\n\n        let mDose = 1000;\n        let baseMDose = 1000;\n\n        let tau = 6;\n        let baseTau = 6;\n\n        let vd = 50;\n        let baseVd = 50;\n\n        let cl = 10;\n        let baseCl = 10;\n\n        let f = 0.7;\n        let baseF = 0.7;\n\n        let ka = 1.5;\n        let tH;\n\n        const maxTime = 20;\n\n        function getPlasmaConcentration(h) {\n            let formulaPlasmaConcentration = (dose*f*ka\/(vd*(ka-cl\/vd))*(Math.exp(-cl\/vd*h)-Math.exp(-ka*h)));\n\n            return formulaPlasmaConcentration;\n        }\n\n        \/*\n         *\n         * t1\/2 = ln(2) * (volume of distribution \/ clearance)\n         *\n         *\/\n        function getHalfLife() {\n            tH = Math.log(2)*(vd\/cl);\n            return (Math.round(tH * 100) \/ 100);\n        }\n\n        function updateSlider(updateStored = false) {\n            dataChart = [];\n            if(updateStored) dataChartStoredValues = [];\n\n            for(let i = 0; i <= maxTime; i++) {\n                let concentration = getPlasmaConcentration(i);\n                dataChart.push(concentration);\n                if(updateStored) dataChartStoredValues.push(concentration);\n            }\n\n            chart.data.datasets[0].data = dataChart;\n            chart.data.datasets[1].data = dataChartStoredValues;\n\n            $( \"#slider-f\" ).slider( \"option\", \"value\", ka);\n            chart.update();\n        }\n\n        let sliderF = '<div id=\"slider-f\" class=\"sliderRange\">' +\n                            '<span id=\"custom-handle-f\" class=\"ui-slider-handle customHandle\"><\/span>' +\n                            '<span class=\"spanUnit\" id=\"\">Ka<\/span>' +\n                        '<\/div>';\n\n        $('#divSliderContainer').append(sliderF);\n\n\n   \n\n        $(function() {\n\n            let handle = $('#custom-handle-f');\n\n            $( \"#slider-f\" ).slider({\n                orientation: \"vertical\",\n                range: \"true\",\n                min: 0.1,\n                max: 3,\n                step: 0.01,\n                value: ka,\n                create: function() {\n                    handle.text( $( this ).slider( \"value\" ) );\n                },\n                slide: function( event, ui ) {\n                    ka = ui.value;\n                    handle.text( ui.value );\n                    updateSlider();\n                }\n            });\n        });\n\n        Chart.pluginService.register({\n            beforeInit: function(chart) {\n\n                for(let i = 0; i <= maxTime; i++) {\n                    labelsChart.push(i);\n                    dataChart.push(getPlasmaConcentration(i));\n\n                    dataChartStoredValues = dataChart;\n                    baseDataChartValues = dataChart;\n                }\n\n            }\n        });\n\n        chart = new Chart(document.getElementById(\"chart\"), {\n            type: 'line',\n            data: {\n                labels: labelsChart,\n                datasets: [{\n                    label: \"Plasma Concentration\",\n                    data: dataChart,\n                    borderColor: colorDatasetMain.borderColor,\n                    fillColor: colorDatasetMain.fillColor,\n                    strokeColor: colorDatasetMain.strokeColor,\n                    highlightFill: colorDatasetMain.highlightFill,\n                    highlightStroke: colorDatasetMain.highlightStroke,\n                    borderWidth: \"1\",\n                    pointRadius: 0,\n                    fill: false\n                }, {\n                    label: \"Plasma Concentration\",\n                    data: dataChartStoredValues,\n                    borderColor: colorDatasetStored.borderColor,\n                    fillColor: colorDatasetStored.fillColor,\n                    strokeColor: colorDatasetStored.strokeColor,\n                    highlightFill: colorDatasetStored.highlightFill,\n                    highlightStroke: colorDatasetStored.highlightStroke,\n                    borderWidth: \"1\",\n                    pointRadius: 0,\n                    fill: false\n                }]\n            },\n            options: {\n                scales: {\n                    xAxes: [{\n                        scaleLabel: {\n                            display: true,\n                            labelString: 'H [hour]'\n                        }\n                    }],\n                    yAxes: [{\n                        scaleLabel: {\n                            display: true,\n                            labelString: 'C [mg\/l]'\n                        }\n                    }]\n                },\n                responsive: true,\n                maintainAspectRatio: false\n            }\n        });\n\n    <\/script>\n\n<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Clinical implications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The rate of absorption determines the required \ntime for the administered drug to reach an effective plasma \nconcentration and may thus affect the onset of the drug effect. This \nrate influences both the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and the time \nit takes to reach this peak (<a href=\"\/pharmacology\/extravascular-administration\">tmax<\/a>).\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Variation of the rate of absorption can add to the global pharmacokinetic <a href=\"\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetic-variability\">variability<\/a>, particularly in patients with diseases affecting the absorption site (e.g. affections of the gastro-intestinal tract).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related terms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>flip-flop: In the most common situation, the  absorption constant rate is greater than the elimination rate constant  ( \u03bb ) and the terminal decline in plasma concentration is mainly driven by  elimination. In some cases, the absorption rate can be smaller than the  elimination rate. The drug cannot be eliminated faster than it is  absorbed. The terminal slope of the plasma concentration-time curve then  reflects the absorption constant rate. This phenomenon is typically  used in controlled-release formulations, able to prolong the apparent  half-life of the drug beyond its elimination half-life. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Controlled-release: In controlled-release \nformulations, drug release is much slower than from the conventional \nform. These preparations extend the <a href=\"\/pharmacology\/halflife\">apparent half-life<\/a>\n of the drug and reduce the fluctuations in the plasma concentration at \nconstant regimen. However, they may increase the variability in \nabsorption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Assessment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The assessment of the <a href=\"\/pharmacology\/extravascular-administration\">tmax<\/a> depends on the value of both the absorption rate constant (ka) and the elimination rate constant ( \u03bb ): <\/p>\n\n\n\n<script type=\"text\/x-mathjax-config\">\n  MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]}});\n<\/script>\n<p class=\"formula\">$$tmax = { ln(ka)\\,-\\,ln(\\lambda) \\over ka\\,-\\, \\lambda }$$<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;Fractional rate of drug absorption from the site of administration into the systemic circulation&#8221; Description The oral absorption of drugs is often approximated assuming linear kinetics, typically when given in solution. The same is true for the absorption of drugs from many other extravascular sites, including subcutaneous tissue and muscle. Under these circumstances, absorption is &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/parameters\/absorptionrateconstant\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Absorption Rate Constant&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":7,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-104","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/104","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=104"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/104\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1284,"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/104\/revisions\/1284"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=104"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}