{"id":144,"date":"2019-04-24T12:50:59","date_gmt":"2019-04-24T12:50:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/?page_id=144"},"modified":"2020-09-04T03:34:10","modified_gmt":"2020-09-04T03:34:10","slug":"intravenous-bolus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/profiles\/intravenous-bolus\/","title":{"rendered":"Intravenous Bolus Injection"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> &#8220;Drug administration through the intravenous route over a negligible period of time&#8221; <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Description<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Administering a drug intravenously ensures that \nthe entire dose enters the general circulation. Intravenous \nadministration bypasses the absorption phase and the <a href=\"\/pharmacology\/absorption\">hepatic first-pass effect<\/a>. <a href=\"\/pharmacology\/bioavailability\">Bioavailability<\/a> is therefore complete. The drug is then distributed throughout the body and then eliminated by the liver and\/or kidney. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Three parameters determine the drug concentration-time profile after administration of an iv bolus: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Dose: with higher doses, the initial drug concentration is also higher, but its relative rate of decline remains identical.<\/li><li><a href=\"\/pharmacology\/volumeofdistribution\">Volume of distribution<\/a>: a larger Vd implies a lower initial drug plasma concentration, but also a longer half-life (t<sub>1\/2<\/sub>).<\/li><li><a href=\"\/pharmacology\/clearance\">Clearance<\/a>: greater clearance of the drug leads to a faster rate of decline in the drug plasma concentration, and a shorter half-life (t<sub>1\/2<\/sub>).<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video aligncenter\"><video height=\"336\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 334 \/ 336;\" width=\"334\" autoplay controls loop src=\"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/intravenousbolusinjection_Trim.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Clinical implications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>An iv bolus injection ensures the rapid \nachievement of very high peak concentrations, as may be required for \nsome drugs, but contra-indicated for others. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With an iv bolus administration the amount of drug delivery is precisely controlled. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related terms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Distribution phase (early phase): After entering \nthe systemic circulation, the drug is distributed throughout the body. \nDistribution can determine an early rapid decline in plasma \nconcentration. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Elimination phase (late phase): Once the drug in the\n plasma and tissues has reached equilibrium, the decline of plasma \nconcentration is driven by elimination of the drug from the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><p class=\"hiddenTitle\">Chart Pharmacokinetics<\/p>\n<div>\n\n    <div id=\"chartContainer\">\n        <canvas id=\"chart\"><\/canvas>\n        <div class=\"\" id=\"divSliderContainer\"><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <script>\n\n        let chart;\n        let baseDataChartValues = [];\n        let dataChart = [];\n        let dataChartStoredValues = [];\n        let labelsChart = [];\n\n        let dose = 1000;\n        let baseDose = 1000;\n\n        let mDose = 1000;\n        let baseMDose = 1000;\n\n        let tau = 6;\n        let baseTau = 6;\n\n        let vd = 50;\n        let baseVd = 50;\n\n        let cl = 10;\n        let baseCl = 10;\n\n        let f = 0.7;\n        let baseF = 0.7;\n\n        let ka = 1.5;\n        let tH;\n\n        const maxTime = 20;\n\n        function getPlasmaConcentration(h) {\n            let formulaPlasmaConcentration = (dose*f*ka\/(vd*(ka-cl\/vd))*(Math.exp(-cl\/vd*h)));\n\n            return formulaPlasmaConcentration;\n        }\n\n        \/*\n         *\n         * t1\/2 = ln(2) * (volume of distribution \/ clearance)\n         *\n         *\/\n        function getHalfLife() {\n            tH = Math.log(2)*(vd\/cl);\n            return (Math.round(tH * 100) \/ 100);\n        }\n\n        function updateSlider(updateStored = false) {\n            dataChart = [];\n            if(updateStored) dataChartStoredValues = [];\n\n            for(let i = 0; i <= maxTime; i++) {\n                let concentration = getPlasmaConcentration(i);\n                dataChart.push(concentration);\n                if(updateStored) dataChartStoredValues.push(concentration);\n            }\n\n            chart.data.datasets[0].data = dataChart;\n            chart.data.datasets[1].data = dataChartStoredValues;\n\n            $( \"#slider-f\" ).slider( \"option\", \"value\", dose);\n            chart.update();\n        }\n\n        let sliderF = '<div id=\"slider-f\" class=\"sliderRange\">' +\n                            '<span id=\"custom-handle-f\" class=\"ui-slider-handle customHandle\"><\/span>' +\n                            '<span class=\"spanUnit\" id=\"\">D<\/span>' +\n                        '<\/div>';\n\n        $('#divSliderContainer').append(sliderF);\n\n\n   \n\n        $(function() {\n\n            let handle = $('#custom-handle-f');\n\n            $( \"#slider-f\" ).slider({\n                orientation: \"vertical\",\n                range: \"true\",\n                min: 100,\n                max: 1500,\n                step: 10,\n                value: dose,\n                create: function() {\n                    handle.text( $( this ).slider( \"value\" ) );\n                },\n                slide: function( event, ui ) {\n                    dose = ui.value;\n                    handle.text( ui.value );\n                    updateSlider();\n                }\n            });\n        });\n\n        Chart.pluginService.register({\n            beforeInit: function(chart) {\n\n                for(let i = 0; i <= maxTime; i++) {\n                    labelsChart.push(i);\n                    dataChart.push(getPlasmaConcentration(i));\n\n                    dataChartStoredValues = dataChart;\n                    baseDataChartValues = dataChart;\n                }\n\n            }\n        });\n\n        chart = new Chart(document.getElementById(\"chart\"), {\n            type: 'line',\n            data: {\n                labels: labelsChart,\n                datasets: [{\n                    label: \"Plasma Concentration\",\n                    data: dataChart,\n                    borderColor: colorDatasetMain.borderColor,\n                    fillColor: colorDatasetMain.fillColor,\n                    strokeColor: colorDatasetMain.strokeColor,\n                    highlightFill: colorDatasetMain.highlightFill,\n                    highlightStroke: colorDatasetMain.highlightStroke,\n                    borderWidth: \"1\",\n                    pointRadius: 0,\n                    fill: false\n                }, {\n                    label: \"Plasma Concentration\",\n                    data: dataChartStoredValues,\n                    borderColor: colorDatasetStored.borderColor,\n                    fillColor: colorDatasetStored.fillColor,\n                    strokeColor: colorDatasetStored.strokeColor,\n                    highlightFill: colorDatasetStored.highlightFill,\n                    highlightStroke: colorDatasetStored.highlightStroke,\n                    borderWidth: \"1\",\n                    pointRadius: 0,\n                    fill: false\n                }]\n            },\n            options: {\n                scales: {\n                    xAxes: [{\n                        scaleLabel: {\n                            display: true,\n                            labelString: 'H [hour]'\n                        }\n                    }],\n                    yAxes: [{\n                        scaleLabel: {\n                            display: true,\n                            labelString: 'C [mg\/l]'\n                        }\n                    }]\n                },\n                responsive: true,\n                maintainAspectRatio: false\n            }\n        });\n\n    <\/script>\n\n<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Assessment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Analysing the plasma concentration-time profile \nafter an intravenous bolus injection is very useful to calculate the \ndifferent parameters such as <a href=\"\/pharmacology\/clearance\">clearance<\/a> (CL),  <a href=\"\/pharmacology\/halflife\">half-life<\/a> (t1\/2) and <a href=\"\/pharmacology\/volumeofdistribution\">volume of distribution<\/a> (Vd) of a given drug.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The equation of the plasma concentration-time curve for a drug with a negligible distribution phase is:\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-blocks-latex-block-latex\"><script type=\"text\/x-mathjax-config\">   MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]}}); <\/script> <p class=\"formula\">$$C=C(O)*e^{-\\lambda*t}$$<\/p><p class=\"formula\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>C(0)<\/strong> = <a href=\"\/pharmacology\/volumeofdistribution\">plasma drug concentration at time 0<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"\/pharmacology\/halflife\"><strong>extrapolated value<\/strong><\/a> = D\/Vd <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>D<\/strong> = dose  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> <strong>\u03bb<\/strong>  = elimination constant rate = CL\/Vd<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;Drug administration through the intravenous route over a negligible period of time&#8221; Description Administering a drug intravenously ensures that the entire dose enters the general circulation. Intravenous administration bypasses the absorption phase and the hepatic first-pass effect. Bioavailability is therefore complete. The drug is then distributed throughout the body and then eliminated by the liver &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/profiles\/intravenous-bolus\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Intravenous Bolus Injection&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":8,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-144","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/144","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=144"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1312,"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/144\/revisions\/1312"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sepia2.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}